• Autoimmune disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma)
  • Birth defects of the kidneys (such as polycystic kidney disease)
  • Certain toxic chemicals
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Injury or trauma
  • Kidney stones and infection
  • Problems with the arteries leading to or inside the kidneys
  • Some pain medications and other drugs (such as cancer drugs)
  • Reflux nephropathy (in which the kidneys are damaged by the backward flow of urine into the kidneys)
  • Other kidney diseases